Comparison of tailpipe emissions of conventional vehicles (ICE), hybrid (HEV), plug-in hybrid (PHEV), Electric (BEV), and Hydrogen (FCEV)15
Electric vehicle opportunities and benefits
| ICE | HEV | PHEV | BEV | FCEV |
| Opportunities to utilise biofuels such as E10, B5 and B10 to reduce particulates (20-30%16), GHG emissions reduction (1.5-5%). | Strong transitional option with broadening availability in the passenger segment. | Electric range of 40-50 km may reduce emissions and be more practical in some instances in the coming few years. If regularly driven more than 50 km the emissions benefit reduces significantly. | Can be zero carbon emissions and zero NOx if charged with renewable energy. Most practical zero emissions option in the next 10 years. | Can be zero carbon emissions and zero NOx. Technology is expensive over the coming decade. May work sooner in heavy vehicle applications. |
[15] https://www.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-11/State_Electric_Vehicle_Strategy_for_Western_Australia_0.pdf
[16] CSIRO 2008